Electromotive Force (E.M.F.) or Cell Potential | Potential Difference |
---|---|
It is the potential difference between the two electrodes when no current is flowing in the circuit i.e., in an open circuit. | It is the difference of the electrode potentials of the two electrodes when the cell is sending current through the circuit. |
It transmits current both inside and outside the cell. | It transfers current between any two points in the circuit. |
E.m.f. is the cause. | Potential difference is the result. |
It is maximum voltage obtainable from the cell. | It is less than the maximum voltage obtainable from the cell (i.e., e.m.f. of the cell). |
The work calculated from e.m.f. is the maximum work obtainable from the cell. | The work calculated from potential difference is less than the maximum work obtainable from the cell. |
It is responsible for the flow of steady current in the cell. | It is not responsible for the flow of steady current in the cell. |
It does not depend on the resistance of the circuit. | Potential difference of two points depends on the resistance of those points. |
The part of the circuit where electrical energy is created from any other energy then that part contains the source of Electromotive force. | Potential difference exists in the part of the circuit where electrical potential energy is transformed into another form of energy. |
Saturday, 28 October 2017
Sunday, 15 October 2017
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Vs Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) |
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It occurs mainly in the nucleus of the cell. | It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell. |
It has double stranded α-helix structure in which two strands are coiled spirally in opposite directions. | It has single stranded α -helix structure. |
The sugar molecule is 2-deoxyribose. | The sugar molecule is ribose. |
Nitrogenous base uracil is not present. | Nitrogenous base thymine is not present. |
It has the unique property of replication. | It usually does not replicate. |
It is responsible for the transmission for heredity character. | It helps in protein biosynthesis. |
DNA molecules are very large, their molecular masses may vary from 6 X 106 – 16 X 106 u. | RNA molecules are much smaller with molecular mass ranging from 2 X 104 – 4 X 104 u. |
Thursday, 12 October 2017
Data at Rest Vs Data in Motion
Data at Rest | Data in Motion |
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The data that is not actively moving from device to device or network to network such as data stored on a hard drive, laptop etc. is called data at rest. | The data which is actively moving from one location to another such as across the internet or through a private is called data in motion. |
It also refers to data that has been collected from various sources and is then analyzed after the event occurs. | This type of data is analyzed in real-time as the event happens. |
The point where the data is analyzed and the point where action is taken on it occur at two separate times. | Analysis and action on data is taken at same time. |
Batch processing method is used. | Real-time processing method is used. |
It is more secure. | It is less secure. |
It is less vulnerable to attack. | It is more vulnerable to attack. |
Simple file and folder protection techniques are used to protect the data. | Encryption protocols like HTTPS, SSL, FTPS are used to protect the data. |
Monday, 17 July 2017
Program Vs Product
Program (Toy Software) | Product (Professional Software) |
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It is defined as set of instructions related to each other. | It is defined as collection of programs designed for specific task. |
It is developed by individuals for their personal use. | It is developed by group of engineers working as a team. |
It is generally small. | It is generally large. |
Lack of user interface. | Good user-interface. |
Lacks proper documentation. | Good documentation support. |
It is used by single user. | It is used by large number of users. |
It is developed by single developer. | It is developed by team of developers. |
ADHOC development. | Systematic development. |
Sunday, 7 May 2017
Crystalline Solids Vs Amorphous Solids
Crystalline Solids | Amorphous Solids |
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The crystalline solids have definite characteristic shape. | The amorphous solids have irregular shape. |
They have regular arrangement of the constituent particles. They are said to exhibit long range order. | They do not have any regular arrangement of the constituent particles. They may have short range order. |
They have sharp and characteristic melting point. | They do not have sharp melting point. They gradually soften over a range of temperature. |
When cut with a sharp edged tool, they split into two pieces and the newly generated surfaces are plain and smooth. | When cut with a sharp edged tool they cut into two pieces with irregular surfaces. |
They have a definite and characteristic enthalpy of fusion. | They do not have definite enthalpy of fusion. |
They are anisotropic i.e. their physical properties like mechanical strength, refractive index, electrical and thermal conductivity are different in different directions. | They are isotropic i.e. their physical properties are same in all directions. |
They are true solids. | They are pseudo solids and super cooled liquids. |
Examples – iron, silver, common salt, potassium nitrate etc. | Example – glass, rubber, plastics etc. |
Friday, 5 May 2017
Addition Polymerization Vs Condensation Polymerization
Addition Polymerization | Condensation Polymerization |
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Monomer units contain double or triple bond (reactive site) which combine in succession to give a polymer. | Monomer units contain two or more functional groups which react with each other to undergo condensation. |
Monomers add on to yield a polymer without elimination of any by product. | Monomers combine to form a polymer with elimination of small molecules like H2O, HCl, NH3, CH3OH. |
It is a chain reaction. | It is an intermolecular reaction. |
It involves free radical or ionic mechanism. | It follows the mechanism of condensation or esterification. |
It leads to formation of homochain polymers. | It leads to formation of heterochain polymers. |
Molecular weight of polymer is an exact multiple of monomeric units. | Molecular weight of polymer is not an exact multiple of monomeric units. |
Generally, thermoplastics are obtained. | Both thermoplastics and thermosets are obtained. |
High molecular mass polymer is obtained immediately. | Molecular mass of polymer increases steadily through the reaction. |
Radical initiator, Lewis acid or base is required. | Mineral acids and bases are used as catalyst. |
Addition polymers are formed quickly. | Reaction is completed in different independent steps taking a definite period of time. |
Common examples are polythene, polypropylene, PVC etc. | Common examples are terylene, bakelite etc. |
Friday, 21 April 2017
Data Vs Information
Data | Information |
---|---|
Data is raw facts and figures. | Information is processed form of data. |
It is not significant to a business and of itself. | It is significant to a business and of itself. |
It is atomic level pieces of information. | It is a collection of data. |
It does not help in decision making. | It helps in decision making. |
For example - 50 is data. | For example – 50 Employees. 50 and employees collected together to form information. |
Thursday, 20 April 2017
Molecularity Vs Order
Molecularity | Order |
---|---|
Molecularity is the number of reacting species undergoing simultaneous collision in the elementary or simple reaction. | Order is the sum of the powers of the concentration terms in the rate law expression. |
It is applicable only for elementary reactions. For complex reactions, molecularity has no meaning. | It is applicable to elementary as well as complex reactions. |
It is a theoretical concept. | It is determined experimentally. |
It has a whole number values only i.e. 1, 2, 3 etc. It cannot be a non-integer. | It need not be a whole number i.e. it can have fractional values also. |
Molecularity of a reaction cannot be zero. | Order of a reaction can be zero. |
For complex reactions, molecularity is given for elementary steps. Molecularity of the slowest step is same as the order of the reaction. | For complex reactions, order is given by slowest step. |
Monday, 17 April 2017
Relational Algebra Vs Relational Calculus
Relational Algebra | Relational Calculus |
---|---|
It is a procedural method of solving the queries. | It is a non-procedural method of solving the queries. |
We specify the sequence of operations to perform a particular task. | We specify only what is required without bothering about the sequence of operations to perform that request. |
It is prescriptive or rigid in nature i.e. it describes steps to perform a given task. | It is descriptive or straightforward in nature i.e. describe desired result. |
The evaluation of the query depends upon the order of operations. | It does not depend on the order of operations. |
It specifies operations performed on existing relations to obtain new relations. | Operations are directly performed on the relations in the form of formulas. |
It is more closely associated with a programming language. | It is more closely associated with a natural language. |
The solution to the database access problem using a relational algebra is obtained by stating what is required and what are the steps to obtain that information. | The solution to the database access problem using a relational calculus is obtained simply by stating what is required and letting the system find the answer. |
It is used as a vehicle for implementation of relational calculus. | Relational calculus queries are converted into equivalent relational algebra format by using Codd’s Reduction algorithm and then it is implemented with the help of relational algebra operators. |
Relational algebra operators are used as a yardstick for measuring the expensive power of any given language. | A language is said to be complete if it is at least as powerful as the calculus that is, if any relation definable by some expression of the calculus is also definable by some expression of the language in question. |
The queries are domain independent. | The queries are domain dependent. |
Sunday, 16 April 2017
Parallel Adder Vs Serial Adder
Parallel Adder | Serial Adder |
---|---|
It is a combinational circuit which adds all the bits at the same time. | It is a sequential circuit which adds bits one by one. |
Clock pulse is not required. | Clock pulse is required. |
The output is in parallel form, i.e. all the bits are added at the same time. | The output is in serial form, i.e. bits are added one by one at time. |
It uses registers with parallel load capacity. | It uses shift registers. |
Number of full adder circuits required are equal to number of bits to be added. | It requires one full adder circuit. |
It is simple in construction and number of components needed are less. | It is complex in construction and number of components needed are more. |
Time required for addition does not depend on number of bits. | Time required for addition depends on number of bits. |
It is less costly. | It is costlier. |
It is faster. | It is slower. |
It covers less space. | It covers larger space. |
Saturday, 15 April 2017
Cold Lime Soda Process Vs Hot Lime Soda Process
Cold Lime Soda Process | Hot Lime Soda Process |
---|---|
It is carried out at room temperature. | It is carried out at elevated temperature around 100o C. |
Reactions take place at slow rate. | Reactions take place at fast rate. |
The precipitates formed are very fine so the use of coagulants is essential. | Coagulants are not required. |
Filtration of the precipitates formed is difficult. | Filtration is easy and faster at higher temperature. |
Dissolved gases are not removed. | Dissolved gases such as CO2 are removed. |
Softening capacity is low. | Softening capacity is high. |
Softened water having residual hardness of 60 ppm is obtained. | Softened water having residual hardness of 15-30 ppm is obtained. |
Wednesday, 12 April 2017
Refresh Type Cathode Ray Tube Vs Storage Type Cathode Ray Tube
Refresh Type Cathode Ray Tube | Storage Type Cathode Ray Tube |
---|---|
It uses refresh buffer or frame buffer to store picture definition. | It does not use refresh buffer as picture definition is stored inside CRT on a grid called storage mesh. |
Picture definition is stored in form of intensity values for various screen points. | Picture definition is stored in form of positive charge distribution on storage mesh. |
Concept of refreshing is used to maintain picture display on screen. | No refreshing is required. |
It can produce wide range of colors as various intensity values are possible. | It does not display colors and displays single level of intensity value. |
Colored refresh CRT uses three electron guns – red, green and blue. | It uses two electron guns – primary and flood gun. |
If persistence of phosphor and refresh rate of CRT do not match, users perceive flicker. | It is free from the problem of flickering as very high persistence phosphors are used. |
It is possible to modify particular portion of picture any time. | Particular portion of picture cannot be modified. For this entire picture must be erased and redrawn. |
It is widely used to display realistic scenes, animations, graphics etc. | It is used for only line drawing applications. |
It does not use collector mesh to control the flow of electrons rather control grid is used that controls the intensity value of each gun. | It uses collector to smooth out the flow of flood electrons. |
Thursday, 26 January 2017
RAM Vs ROM
RAM | ROM |
---|---|
RAM stands for Random Access Memory. | ROM stands for Read Only Memory. |
In RAM data can be read/write at any time during the operation of system. | In ROM data can be read only. One cannot write in ROM after the chip is ready to use. |
It is a volatile memory i.e. its contents are lost when the device is powered off. | It is a non-volatile memory i.e. its contents are retained even when the device is powered off. |
Its accessing speed is faster. | Its accessing speed is slower. |
The price of RAM is comparatively high. | The price of ROM is comparatively low. |
The size of RAM chip is larger than ROM chip. | The size of ROM chip is smaller than RAM chip. |
Types of RAM are Static RAM (S-RAM) and Dynamic RAM (D-RAM). | Types of ROM are Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM), Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) etc. |
Wednesday, 25 January 2017
LAN Vs MAN Vs WAN
Parameters | LAN | MAN | WAN |
---|---|---|---|
Full Form | Local Area Network | Metropolitan Area Network | Wide Area Network |
Geographical Spam | Building or campus | City | Country |
Ownership | Privately Owned | Public or private | Public |
Setup Cost | Cheap | Moderate | High |
Range | 2500 m | 200 km | Beyond 200 km |
Error Rate | Low | Moderate | High |
Transmission Media | Wires | Wires or telephone lines | Satellite |
Speed | High | Moderate | Low |
Propagation Delay | Short | Moderate | Long |
Mode of Operation | Broadcasting | Broadcasting and switching | Switching |
Network Devices | Bridge, hub, repeater and switch | Gateway router | Gateway router |
Example | College campus or industry | Cable TV | Internet |
Tuesday, 24 January 2017
Circuit Switching Vs Packet Switching
Circuit Switching | Packet Switching |
---|---|
Dedicated path is created between two points. | Virtual path is created between two points. |
Bandwidth is fixed. | Bandwidth is dynamic. |
The links that make a path are dedicated and cannot be used by other connections. | The links that make a route can be shared by other connections. |
Congestion can occur at setup time. | Congestion can occur on every packet. |
Path followed by packets is always same. | Path followed by packets is may or may not be same. |
It is highly reliable. | It is less reliable. |
It is implemented at Physical layer. | Datagram Switching is implemented at Network layer and Virtual Circuit Packet Switching is implemented at Data Link layer. |
It requires call setup. | It does not require call setup. |
Store and forward transmission is not used in Circuit Switching. | Each node may store incoming packets temporarily and forward them later. |
Monday, 23 January 2017
Call By Value Vs Call By Reference
Call By Value | Call By Reference |
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In this, the function is called by passing value of variable as argument. | In this, the function is called by passing address of variable as argument. |
Arguments passed by value can be variables, literals or expressions. | Arguments passed by reference can only be variables. |
In this, copy of actual arguments is created and passed to function. | In this, no copy of actual arguments is created. |
Actual and formal arguments are created in different memory locations. | Actual and formal arguments are created in same memory locations. |
Any changes made to the formal arguments will have no effect on actual arguments. | Any changes made to the formal arguments will have immediate effect on actual arguments. |
No pointers are used in this approach. | The pointers are used in this approach. |
It is a slow way of calling functions. | It is a fast way of calling functions. |
Program:#include<iostream> using namespace std; int swap(int, int); int main() { int a=4, b=10; cout<<"Before Swaping:"; cout<<"\nValue of a="<<a<<" & b="<<b; swap(a,b); return 0; } int swap(int x, int y) { int temp; temp=x; x=y; y=temp; cout<<"\nAfter Swaping"; cout<<"\nValue Of a="<<x<<" & b="<<y; } |
Program:
#include<iostream> using namespace std; int swap(int *, int *); int main() { int a=4, b=10; cout<<"Before Swaping:"; cout<<"\nValue of a="<<a<<" & b="<<b; swap(&a,&b); return 0; } int swap(int *x, int *y) { int temp; temp=*x; *x=*y; *y=temp; cout<<"\nAfter Swaping"; cout<<"\nValue Of a="<<*x<<" & b="<<*y; } |
Sunday, 22 January 2017
Synchronous Time Division Multiplexer Vs Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexer
Synchronous Time Division Multiplexer | Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexer |
---|---|
Multiplexer allocates same time slot to each device. | Multiplexer does not allocate same time slot to each device. |
Number of slots per frame is equal to number of input devices. | Number of slots per frame are less than the number of input devices. |
Number of devices supported by synchronous time division multiplexer are less than asynchronous time division multiplexer. | Asynchronous time division multiplexer supports more devices than synchronous time division multiplexer. |
Number of time slots in a frame is based on number of input devices. | Number of time slots in a frame is based on statistical analysis. |
It does not guarantee that the full capacity of link is used. | It guarantees that the full capacity of the link is used. |
Time slots are preassigned. | Time slots are not preassigned. |
Saturday, 21 January 2017
Zeolite Process Vs Lime Soda Process
Zeolite Process | Lime Soda Process |
---|---|
Operating cost is lower as zeolites are regenerated with cheap NaCl. | Operating cost is higher as costly chemicals such as lime, soda, coagulants are used. |
The treatment plant size is compact and small. | The treatment plant size is bulky and large. |
It produces water of 10-15 ppm hardness. | It produces water of 15-50 ppm hardness. |
Treated water contains a large amount of sodium salts. | Treated water contains lesser percentage of sodium salts. |
Acidic water cannot be softened as acidic water attacks zeolite. | Acidic water can be softened. |
The water should be free from turbidity as the suspended impurities can block the pores of zeolite. | Turbid water can be softened. |
No sludge is formed, so no problem of sludge disposal. | Large quantity of sludge is formed. |
This process removes only Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in solution. It does not remove anions (Cl-, SO4-2, HCO3-) from solution. | It removes cations and anions from the solution. |
Treated water contains more NaHCO3 which is not suitable for boilers. | Treated water is free from NaHCO3 and is suitable for boilers. |
It automatically adjusts itself to water samples of different hardness. | Frequent control and adjustment of reagents is needed. |
Friday, 20 January 2017
Combinational Circuit Vs Sequential Circuit
Combinational Circuit | Sequential Circuit |
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The output doesn’t depends upon previous states. | The output depends upon present inputs as well as previous inputs. |
Memory elements are not present in combinational circuits. | Memory elements are present to store the past history of input variables in sequential circuits. |
More hardware is required. | Less hardware is required. |
These are faster in speed. | These are slower in speed. |
These are easy to design as memory elements are absent. | These are difficult to design due to memory elements. |
These are expensive. | These are cheap. |
Clock circuit is not used in these circuits. | Clock circuit is an essential requirement in these circuits. |
Feedback path is not used. | Feedback path is used. |
Examples: flip-flops, counters, registers etc. | |
Block Diagram: |
Block Diagram: |
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